Assessing The Paris Fashionable Concepts Cultural Studies Essay

Assessing The genus capital of France Fashionable C in one casepts heathenish Studies assayThe concept of capital of France trend represents one of the most powerful and long-running quad in modern history. But even a cursory interrogative of the trend the term has been apply draws attention to the complexity of the notion of the mold capital, and to the complexity of the hammer process itself. The routine description of the urban center everyplace the past 200 years as the capital valet de chambre of mien contribute to this understanding.Dgetloadseiffel-tower-1.jpg jut out 2.2 , Eifel Tower in capital of France, Available at http//www.eiffel-tower.us/Eiffel-Tower-Images/eiffel-tower-1.jpg capital of France is the Fashion uppercase of the field. capital of France has long been an international hub of mold design. genus genus Paris is billet to galore(postnominal) distinguished design houses, such as Chanel, Dior, Yves revere Laurent, Chloe, Givenchy, Lanvin, He rmes, and Louis Vuitton. Paris is also a premier destination for shopping, with streets such as Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honre and the Champs-Elysees hosting boutiques from sources around the terra firma.Besides spurt and leather goods, Paris is has a number of well-known jewelers, such as Cartier SA, Boucheron, Chaumet, and Van Cleef Arpels. They gain their flagships at the famed Place Vendome.Twice a year, Paris is home to a fashion week, where the metropoliss fashion houses present their collections. Designers from other countries also present their collections in Paris. Notable examples complicate Belgian designers Dries van Noten, Martin Margeila, and Ann Demeulemester Dutch design bitstock Viktor Rolf and Japanese deisgners Yohji Yamamoto, Issey Miyake, and Junya Watanabe.Pinault-Printemps-Redoute and LVMH, the two major holding companies in contemporary fashion, atomic number 18 both headquartered in Paris.Paris has been interpreted as a world centre of fashion because of its distinctive metropolitan stopping points of consumption, both in the peg down sense of shops and shopping, and in a broader sense of the practices associated with the wearing of fashionable garnishee in the spaces of the city. on that point has been roundthing approaching a naturalization of Pariss relationship with fashion, a good deal around the elevation of a certain construction of fashionable womanhood to a symbol of Parisian superiority. Fashions creative activity Cities, David Gilbert, 2006Downloadschristian_dior_haute_couture_2009_01.jpg ascertain 2.3 , Christian Dior Haute Couture fashion show 2009, Available at http//iamfashioncrazy.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/christian_dior_haute_couture_2009_01.jpgSince the seventeenth century, fashion has been an important constancy and cultural export of France, and modern haute couture originated in Paris in the 1860s. Today, Paris is considered one of the worlds fashion capitals, along with capital of the United King dom, Milan, and New York City, and the city is home or headquarters to many of the premier fashion houses. The ending of Paris and of the French people has been shaped by geog bashhy, by profound historical events, and by foreign and internal forces and groups. Paris, has played an important agency as a center of high last and of decorative arts since the seventeenth century, branch in Europe, and from the nineteenth century onwards, world wide. From the late nineteenth century, Paris has also played an important role in modern art, cinema, fashion and cuisine.Paris is today the melting pot of diverse cultures. However, it still retains its own unique charm or attraction when it comes to ethnicity, geog wiretaphy and the French language. The once isolated local customs arising out of regional differences entertain ripe to become a cultural identity that is unique to the heterogeneity. The culture of Paris (or to say France), has been largely influenced by mandatory defense se rvice, the Franco-Prussian feud and World War I and World War II. The two world wars were obligated for the flood of cultural influences and centralized market forces.Today, the people in Paris symbolize collective identity. The Parisian nine is more inclined to accept in public-spiritedness, state socialistic spending, and in public initiatives. The Paris culture is characteristic of chauvinism, a term which is widely used every last(predicate) oer the World (the countries of the West, esp. Europe and the Americas), integrated politics, universalism and the frequent French grandeur. Although, now the handed-down family structure has evolved from the joint family to nuclear. well-nigh modern people in Paris prefer to relate to the term French as a nationality and their language and not a measure of ethnicity, specific to the city. there ar many immigrants from Africa, Asia and other European countries who have made Paris or France their home with diverse ethnic ascendants, resulting in interracial relationships.According to Hofsteds Frame pasture for Assessing Culture, the culture of Paris is moderately individualistic and high Power standoffishness Index.There is clearly a world-shattering all overlap between the cities routinely draw as world fashion cities, like Paris, and those identified by Friedmann, Sassen and their following as primary world cities or global cities. Given, in Friedmanns terminology, the embeddedness of a transnational capitalist class whose ideology is consumerist in such world cities, and addicted fashions inherent elitism and consumerism, it would be very surprising if this were not the case. Fashions World Cities, David Gilbert, 2006The acceptance of lebianism, queerness and gay marriages in Paris, speaks volumes for the broad-mindedness of the French. In fact, Paris city manager Bertrand Delano, makes no attempt to hide his gay identity.In Paris, the French movies, unison and literature are vibrant and multicultur al. The language follows a preordain ex officio originality standard. French is spoken widely across the globe, inspite of the repression with regional and foreign languages in certain countries. It has become a part of the education forum and a popular option in many bilingual educational institutions. As far as religion goes, Paris is secular and dedicatedly adheres to the principle of immunity of religion, a political dictate that was enshrined in the Declaration of the Rights of Man, 1789. A miscellanea of Catholics, Protestants, Muslims, Jews and atheists live in Paris and add quality to the essence of French character. So therefore, Paris is a multicultural society.In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries these cities have developed intense concentrations of advanced manufacturer services, typically in sectors such as banking, accountancy, advertising, insurance, commercial law and circumspection consultancy. Sassen argues that financial deregulation and the evolution of impudently forms of telecommunications, media and information technology, far from dispersing economic activities as some predicted, has created an aggressive new logic for their concentration of these activities as some predicted, has created an aggressive new logic for their concentration of these activities in a few great cities. Sassen further argues that increasing economic and social polarization has marked global cities, particularly capital of the United Kingdom and New York. Alongside the development of advanced producer services has been a parallel development of a low-paid service sector, often characterized by a casualized labour force with a high proportion of immigrants. Fashions World Cities, David Gilbert, 2006capital of the United KingdomDownloadsSomerset House Strand.JPGFigure 3.1 , Somerset House in capital of the United Kingdom, Available at http//www.the-magician.co.uk/images/Somerset%20House%20Strand.JPGLondon as one of the worlds four fashion capitals, the London Fashion workweek is one of the Big Four fashion weeks, which is organised by the British Fashion Council. The current venue for most of the events is Somerset House in central London, where a large marquee in the central tribunal hosts a series of catwalk shows by top designers and fashion houses, while an exhibition, housed deep down Somerset House itself, showcases over 150 designers. British designers whose collections have been showcased at the fashion week include Vivienne Westwood, Alexander McQueen and Stella McCartney, while British models who have featured at the event include Kate Moss, Naomi Campbell, Jade Jagger and Jodie Kidd. Fashion designer Mary Quant was at the heart of the Swinging London scene of the 1960s, and her work culminated in the creation of the miniskirt and hot pants. Mary Quant named the miniskirt that she intentional after her favourite make of car, the Mini. The English fashion designer Charles Frederick charge is widely con sidered the father of Haute couture.According to an article in the Time, to that extent posterior this confection of a city peopled by the famous and beautiful, all dressed in the latest cutting-edge fashions, was a sense that the new London was a key site in much broader changes victorious place across the Western world increasing consumer affluence, particularly among teenagers and modern adults, changing intergenerational relationships, and new attitudes towards popular culture, leisure and the body. Fashions World Cities, David Gilbert, 2006DownloadsLondon_cultural_icons.jpgFigure 3.2 , Cultural icons of London, Available at http//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/London_cultural_icons.jpgThe London culture concerns the arts, music, museums, festivals and other entertainment in London, the capital city of the United Kingdom. The city is renowned for its theatre district, and its West End theatre district has given the name to West End theatre, the strand of mainstr eam professional theatre re-create in the large theatres in London. London also homes to notable cultural attractions such as the British Museum, the Tate Galleries, the National Gallery, the Notting Hill Carnival and The O2.An sorting of landmarks and objects are cultural icons associated with London, such as Big Ben, Buckingham Palace and the tube map. According to visiting tourists, there are a few other British cultural icons that are strongly associated with London , including the red echo box, the routemaster bus, the black taxi or more famously known as the London cab and the Union Flag.Downloads empurpledOperaHouse-25-02-09w.jpgFigure 3.3 , The Floral Hall of the Royal Opera House in London, Available at http//www.strollon.co.uk/UploadedDocuments/RoyalOperaHouse-25-02-09w.jpgLondon has the famous, London Symphony Orchestra, London Philharmonic Orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, the the BBC Symphony Orchestra and Philharmonia. There are also quite a few chamber orchestras, some of which specialise in period instrument performances, including the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment, and the Academy of St. Martin-in-the-Fields.The city is home to more than 300 nationalities, and the diversity of cultures has shaped the citys culture over time.In London, rank, status and inequalities between people are reasonably low. This plainly shows in a number of ways, such as legislation defend ethnic minorities rights. This is observed in the office where the relationship between superiors and subordinates is comparatively casual and incorporates little ceremony.London wads really high for Individualism. so points to that fact that the British cultural values promote individuality. In London, the nuclear family is the more predominant form of basic social structure. In the line environment, the individual is more concerned with themselves rather than the team.The level of power outgo (uncertainty avoi move) in London is quite low. This means th at the British culture is relatively open to taking risks and dealing with change, which can be seen in the unending revision of laws and government structures. In the workplace, conflict or disagreement, even with superiors, is considered healthy.Downloadsthe_sex-pistols.jpgFigure 3.4 , The Sex Pistols, Available at http//www.sexpistolsanniversary.co.uk/images/the_sex-pistols.jpgLondon is really famous for its disceptation scene, and was the starting point of some of the greatest 60s and 70s band such as Iron Maiden, The Clash, Led Zeppelin, The Sex Pistols, The Who, Pink Floyd, Queen and very popular 90s bands like Blur, Coldplay, Radiohead, and Oasis that are still very popular to this day. Most of the major bands tours pass through London as well, favourite venues cosmos the Brixton Academy, the London Astoria, and the Hammersmith Apollo.In addition to generating of the bands mentioned above, London, in its capacity as the UKs cultural centre, has served as the base of a num ber of internationally important acts, including David Bowie, The Beatles and Jimi Hendrix, as well as being instrumental in the birth of dance music.All these artists mentioned above, in their days and till date influence fashion in London and all over the world.London has a roaring urban scene, mainly throughout the 21st century. Soul singers like Joss Stone, Amy Winehouse, Adele, and Lemar have found themselves chart, and international success. RB singers such as Leona Lewis, Jay Sean, The Sugababes, Taio Cruz and Alexandra Burke are also extremely popular. London also has a strong rap scene, which includes rappers like Wiley, Tinchy Stryder and Dizee Rascal among others have helped contribute to London gaining the status of having the strongest rap scene outside of the USA.London has one of the biggest underground scenes in the world. Genres include Drum and bass, Uk garage, Dubstep, 2step and grime.Londons ethnic population is growing strongly and this is having a bulky effec t on the culture. Indian food is now a significant part of Londons cuisine. Young black Londoners play a predominant part in the British music industry. Besides Afro-Caribbean and Indian culture, Bangladeshi, Polish and Middle-Eastern influences are also present.In London, masculinity is somewhere in the middle. This may invent the fact that British society and culture aims for equality between the sexes, yet a certain amount of gender bias still exists underneath the stand up. The acceptance of lebianism, homosexuality and gay marriages in London, is cause of the all the stars who used to cross-dress for their performances, shows that people in London are broad-minded.There are many other culture related attractions in London, including the Avenue of Stars, a walkway similar to the Hollywood Walk of Fame, with stars commemorating notable individuals or groups.Summary TableParis LondonSimilaritiesBoth Paris and London are the fashion capitals of their countries.The melting pot of diverse cultures is existent in both cities.Paris and London are multicultural societies.The acceptance of lesbianism, homosexuality and gay marriages in Paris and London, shows how broad-minded the people or society is.There is a freedom of religion.The rise of technology has led to London and Paris becoming more of open cultures.DifferencesParis is the Fashion Capital of the World.Haute Couture started in Paris in the 1860s by Charles Worth.The people in Paris collective identity. The Parisian society is more inclined to believing in public-spiritedness, state socialistic spending, and in public initiatives. While London scores really high for Individualism.Paris has a high Power Distance (rank, status and inequalities between people) Index, while London is comparatively lower.Fashion culture in London was very influenced by the music scene, specially the contestation scene, with the bands like the Sex Pistols in the 60s and 70s. While Paris didnt have likewise much influence o f music on fashion.ConclusionAfter extended research and comparing the similarities and differences of both Paris and Londons modern day fashion scene, I realized that even though there are so many similarities on the surface between both cities but once you look at the details or to say under the surface you realize that each city is unique in its own way cause of their influences from cultural dimensions, societal values, history and technology, etc.

The Human Genome Project: Advantages and Disadvantages

The Human Genome frame Advantages and Di melancholicvantagesThe Human Genome Project was an trans case research front to determine the chronological succession of the tender genome and target the factors that it contains. After the idea was picked up in 1984 by the US organisation when the planning started, the project formally began in 1990 and was completed in 2003, 2 years ahead of its original schedule. The Project was coordinated by the subject Institutes of Health and the U.S. Department of Energy. Additional contri scarceors included universities across the United States and international partners in the United Kingdom, France, Ger many an new(prenominal)(prenominal), Japan, and China.GoalsThe main goals of the Human Genome Project were to provide a complete and accurate succession of the 3 billion DNA bum pairs that make up the human genome and to find all of the estimated 20,000 to 25,000 human genes. The sequence would act as a template for the annotation of ge nes discovered in the future if a geneticist found a novel gene that increases the seek for breast cancer, for instance, she should be able to decipher its precise location and sequence by mapping it to the master sequence of the human genome. By equivalence abnormal genes to the normal genes in the template, the geneticist would be able to map the fluctuation responsible for causing the disease.BenefitsThe potential benefit of a comprehensive sequencing effort was highlighted by the isolation of disease-linked genes such as Huntingtons disease, Cystic Fibrosis, and the approximately normal breast-cancer-associated gene, BRCA1. The genius-gene-at-a- time approach was very inefficient and laborious. It only worked for monogenic diseases. But intimately common human diseases ar genomic polygenic diseases caused by multiple genes dish out diffusely throughout the human genome. Cancer and mental illnesses atomic number 18 examples of genomic diseases. populace versus Private ApproachesIn 1998, a similar, privately funded quest was launched by the American researcher Craig Venter, and his firm Celera Genomics. Venter was a scientist at the NIH during the early nineties when the project was initiated. The $300,000,000 Celera effort was intended to proceed at a fast-paced pace and at a fraction of the cost of the roughly $3 billion publicly funded project.Celera used a technique called self-colored genome scattergun sequencing, employing pairwise end sequencing, which had been used to sequence bacterial genomes of up to six ane thousand million base pairs in length, scarce not for anything nearly as full-gr witness as the three billion base pair human genome.Celera ab initio denote that it would seek patent protection on only 200-300 genes, provided later amended this to seeking intellectual property protection on fully-characterized important structures amounting to 100-300 targets. The firm eventually filed preliminary (place-holder) patent app lications on 6,500 whole or partial genes. Celera withal promised to publish their findings in accordance with the ground of the 1996 Bermuda Statement, by releasing new info annually (the HGP released its new data daily), although, un interchangeable the publicly funded project, they would not permit free redistri neverthelession or scientific use of the data. Ultimately, Celera afreed to provide free access to academic researchers but with several(prenominal) important constraints.Although a working draft was announce on June 26, 2000 (jointly by U.S. President Bill Clinton and the British Prime Minister Tony Blair), it was not until February 2001 that Celera and the HGP scientists make details of their drafts. These drafts covered about 83% of the genome (90% of the euchromatic regions with 150,000 gaps and the order and orientation of many segments not yet established). In February 2001, at the time of the joint publications, insistence releases announced that the project had been completed by both groups. Improved drafts were announced in 2003 and 2005, filling in to approximately 92% of the sequence currently.The book of ManIt has 3,088,286,401 letters of DNAIt is dissociated into twenty-three pairs of chromo roughlys. tout ensemble dissipate apes have twenty-four pairs.It converts about 20,687 genes in total only 1,796 more(prenominal) than worms, and 12,000 fewer than corn.It is fiercely inventive. Gene regulation and gene splicing are used more extensively in the human genome than in the genome of other organisms. It squeezes complexity out of simplicity, produces near-infinite functional variations out of its limited repertoire.It is dynamic. In some cells, it reshuffles its own sequence to make novel variant of itself.Parts of it are surprisingly beautiful.An enormous proportion (about 98%) is not dedicated to genes per se, but to enormous stretches of DNA that are interspersed in the midst of genes (intergenic DNA) or indoors genes (introns). These stretches encode no RNA, and no protein.It is encrusted with history.It has repeated elements that appear frequently.It has enormous gene family genes that resemble separately other and perform similar functions which often constellate together.It contains thousands of pseudogenes genes that were once functional but ahve become nonfunctional, ie, they give rise to no protein or RNA.It accommodates enough variation to make each one of us distinct, but enough consistency to make each of us variant from other species.Its for the first time gene, on chromosome one, encodes a protein that senses smell in the nose. Its determination gene, on chromosome X, encodes a protein that modulates the interaction mingled with cells of the immune sy noneffervescent hunt.The ends of its chromosomes are tag with telomeres. Like the little bits of plastic at the ends of shoelaces, these sequences of DNA are designed to protect the chromosomes from fraying and degenerating.Al though we fully under(a)stand the genetic code ie how the teaching in a single gene is used to build protein we toil virtually nothing of the genomic code ie, how multiple genes spead across the human genome coordinaet gene expression in space and time to build, maintain, and repair a human organismIt imprints and erases chemical marks on itself in response to alterations in its environment thereby encoding a form of cellular memory.It is collected to evolute. It is littered with the debris of its past.Gandhi The Hindoo- Moslem GapGandhi The Hindoo-Muslim GapIntroductionThe opening years of the twentieth century were stormy. That was the time when the greatest catastrophe of history took place. The policy-making scenario was undergoing a change. The British were beginning to feel a bit uneasy. discontentedness was brewing. policy-making discontent was growing due to the inability of the regimen to set effective relief during the period of plague and famine. In order t o stem the discontent, the British vie the political trump card with great aplomb. For the first time, they used their divide-and- manage political game with great force. From 1870 on state of wards, the British started inciting the Hindus and the Muslims to form their own political parties to establish their distinct unearthly identities. That was perhaps, the beginning of the communalisation of governance. The British not only encouraged the 2 communities to form political parties along phantasmal lines, they took various constructive steps to create a situation whereby Hindus and Muslims would be forced to think in a way as if their apparitional identity is at peril. This effort culminated in the segmentation of Bengal in 1905. The partition was make along communal lines.The British had realized that a joined India was a strong India and hence they decided to separate Hindus and Muslims, the study universe of India. As a force India would not be united and would roost weak. The British continued this strategy of divide and triumph and finally India was change integrity. This policy left a deep impact on the Indians, the communal aversion between Hindus and Muslim is still prevalent and has taken a major form. This has resulted in many riots and caused major harm to life and property.Revolt of 1857The British East India phoner came to India as traders but slowly took over the rule in India and in no time the whole of India was under the British rule. India was the spaciousst and the most important colony of Britain. They made immense profits in their rule, but they treated Indians as an inferior race. Indians were tortured and treated like slaves, they were forced to grow Indigo and as a result the cottage industries suffered a heavy setback. Slowly over a period of time Indians realized about their rights and got to know about nationalism. They also fought for freedom in numerous revolts, but all of them were crushed as the Indians were not united. slightly of the famous revolts were the Santhal Rebellion, Indigo revolts and many more. These small revolts took shape of a national movement and emerged in the form of the revolt of 1857https//mail.google.com/mail/images/cleardot.gifThe greatest and the most widespread armed uprising which shook the foundations of the British rule in India was the Revolt Of 1857.The accumulating hatred against British rule which had resulted in numerous, though localized, outbreaks belch in a mighty rebellion in 1857.The dispossessed rulers of Indian states, the nobles and the zamindars who had been deprived of their lands, the Indian soldiers of Britains army in India and the vast dopees of peasants, artisans and the others who had been done for(p) by British economic policies and had been rising up in revolts in their isolated pockets, were now united by the common aim of overthrowing British rule. The introduction of greases cartridges which showed the British rulers complete disreg ard of the ghostlike beliefs of the Indian mountain provided the immediate cause of the revolt. The soldiers killed the British officers and marched to Delhi. They conquered Delhi and proclaimed the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar as the emperor of India. The rebellion spread like wild fire and the British rule ceased to exist over a vast part of blue and Central India for many months. The major centres of the revolt, besides Delhi, where some of the fiercest battles were fought were Kanpur, Lukhnow, Bareilly and Bundelkhand. This victory was transient as British reconquered the states and Indian rule was back in the manoeuver of the British.The revolt was over and now the power had been transferred from the British East India Company to the British Crown. The Queen had decided herself to take care of the Indian politics as she had realized that the conditions had become far worse than expectations. Many promises were made to the Indians regarding their welfare under th e Queens Proclamation, but hardly any were followed. The conditions had not improved and the same tactics were used in a belittled form.Rise of Indian NationalismNationalism is a sentiment base on common cultural characteristics that binds a population and often produces a policy of national independency or separatism. It involves the feeling of oneness and marriage for your own countrymen.The growth of Indian nationalism started in the nineteenth century. Political unification of India, fall of Indias old social and economic system, the beginning of neo trade and industry and the rise of new social classes laid the bag of nationalism.The social and religious reform movements and popular anti-British revolts contributed to the growth of nationalism. The farmers were suffering under the new land tenure systems introduced by the British government. The Indian industrialists were sad because of the economic policy of the British government. All import duties on cotton fiber texti les were removed in 1882, which harmed the textile industry.The people of India became aware of the fact that the discipline of their country was not possible unless British rule was ended. There was a series of famines, which took a toll of millions of human lives, due to the indifference of the supreme British administration.Indian Nationalism was broadly divided into three phases maintain phaseRadical phaseGandhian phaseThe Moderates advocated and used methods of original agitation for demanding reforms. They had faith in British and thought that the British would ascertain to their demands. They considered British just and kind. Some of the famous leaders were Dada Bhai Naoroji, Go blood brother Krishna Gokhale and Surendranath BannerjeeThe self-assertive Nationalists had no faith in British rule, they thought that India could not build under the British rule and freedom was necessary for their development. They believed that this could only be done by adopting aggressive methods. Some of the important leaders were Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra pal and Aurobindo GhoshThe Gandhian Phase was led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi he devised the methods of Ahimsa (non-violence) and Satyagraha (insistence on truth) to lay down independence. He converted the Indian freedom struggle into a mass movement Gandhiji played a very important role in the independence of India. section of BengalThe finis took effect the Partition of Bengal was announced in July 1905 by the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon. The partition took effect in October 1905 and uncaring the largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely Hindu western areas. The effort behind the partition that was officially announced was that the Bengal province was too large to be administered by a single governor and therefore was partitioned on administrative purpose. But the real reason behind the partition was political and not administrative. East Bengal was dominated by the Muslims and West Bengal by the Hindus. Partition was yet another part of the Divide and rule policy. Indians were outraged at what they recognise as a divide and rule policy, where the colonisers turned the inherent population against itself in order to rule. This partition provided an impetus to the religious divide and rule, as a result of that, All India Muslim partnership and All India Hindu Mahasabha was formed. Both the organisations aimed at fanning communal passions.Muslim confederacyThe All-India Muslim League was a political society during the period of the British draw rein which advocated the creation of a separate Muslim-majority nation. Being a political party to secure the interests of the Muslim diaspora in British India, the Muslim League played a decisive role during the 1940s in the Indian independence movement and developed into the driving force behind the creation of Pakistan as a Muslim state in the Indian subcontinent. Muslim League was a political organization of India and Pakistan, founded 1906 as the All-India Muslim League by Aga Khan III. Its original purpose was to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in India.By 1940, under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it had gained such power that, for the first time, it demanded the establishment of a Muslim state (Pakistan), despite the opposition of the Indian National Congress. During human race War II the Congress was banned, but the League, which supported the British war effort, was allowed to function and gained strength. It won nearly the entire Muslim voter turnout in the elections of 1946. The following year saw the division of the Indian subcontinent and the Muslim League became the major political party of newly formed Pakistan. By 1953, however, dissensions within the League had led to the formation of several different political partiesHindu MahasabhaSeparate ElectoratesSeparate electorate is a system of election to legislatures which divides voters along the lines o f their trust or sociality designed to ensure that each religious or ethnic group can elect their own representatives. In the case of separate electorates, the voting population of a country or region is divided into different electorates, based on certain factors such as religion, caste, gender, and occupation. Here, members of each electorate votes only to elect representatives for their electorate. It was used in India, prior to Independence, to guarantee authority for religious minorities. Separate electorates have been criticized as socially divisive, and for privileging one reflexion of social identity above all others.In Indias pre-independence era, when the Muslims in India demanded uninfected representation in power-sharing with the British government along with the Hindus, the British government provided for a separate electorate system for the Muslims. As a result, of the total 250 sit of the Bengal Legislative Assembly, 117 seats were kept reserved for the Muslims. Efforts of Gandhi to bridge Hindu Muslim GapOne of the greatest contributions of Mahatma Gandhi was his unparalleled attempt at Hindu- Muslim Unity. Although he could not accomplish this task at the end still he fought for its realisation throughout his life. His always said Even if I am killed, I will not give up reiterate the names of Ram and Rahim, which mean to me the same God. With these names on my lips, I will die cheerfully. He believed all religions to be true but not fallible. To Gandhiji Hindu-Muslim unity means unity not only between Hindu and Muslims but also between all those who believe India to be their home, no matter to what faith they belong. He believed that it was a criminal to animosity over trivialities. Gandhiji knew that India could not attain freedom without Hindu Muslim unity, so he worked for the cause. To attain freedom India had to be united as one nation, they had to fight together for a common cause. He realized this and took returns of this in th e Khilafat issue.The Khilafat movement (1919-1924) was a pan-Islamic, political protest campaign launched by Muslims in British India to influence the British government and to protect the tuffet Empire during the aftermath of World War I. The position of Caliph was in danger and Ottoman Empire existence was short-lived, but the Caliph was the religious representative of the Muslims so they decided to launch a movement against the British. The Khilafat execution was launched under the Ali Brothers, Gandhiji decided to support this movement to win the support of Muslims.Gandhiji thus strived for Hindu Muslim unity and considered Muslims as his brothers. Hindu Muslim controversy would cause partition of India which would result in a weak India, this was on the nose what the British wanted. They wanted a weak and divided India as it would be easy to govern it. This partition would result in various riots and bloodshed, it would result in a divided India, thus Gandhiji was against the partition from the startMountbatten externaliseThe positive division of British India between the two new dominions was ended according to what has come to be known as the 3 June political platform or Mountbatten invention. Lord Mountbatten worked out a detailed plan for the transfer of power to the Indian people. It was announced at a press gathering by Mountbatten on 4 June 1947, when the date of independence was also announced 15 August 1947. The plans main points wereHindus and Muslims in Punjab and Bengal legislative assemblies would meet and vote for partition. If a simple majority of either group wanted partition, because these provinces would be divided.Sindh was to take its own decision.The fate of North West confines Province and Sylhet district of Bengal was to be decided by a referendum.India would be independent by 15 August 1947.The separate independence of Bengal also ruled out.A boundary commission to be set up in case of partition.The Indian political le aders accepted the Plan on 2 June. It did not deal with the question of the princely states, but on 3 June Mountbatten advised them against remaining independent and urged them to join one of the two new dominions (India or Pakistan).RiotingThe British conquest of India was accompanied by large-scale violence, sometimes directed toward the Indian civilian population. During the compound wars of conquest, there were mass killings, but few are remembered. Violence between Hindus and Muslims is one of the most publicized features of colonial Indias history. Some, particularly Indian historiographer Gyan Pandey, hold that its characterization as violence between religious communities was invented by colonial administrators in the 19th century, and that it misrepresented forms of violence which were in fact extremely complex. Others see in it a faithful reflection of the actual crystallization of communitarian identities based on religion, in response to certain colonial policies. Whi chever is the case, Hindu-Muslim riots became a permanent feature of the Indian political scene in the first half of the twentieth century. The main reason for these riots were the divide and rule policy which had instigated everything. These riots were hindrance in Indias independence because they made India weak and this is what the British wanted. If India was weak then their rule would become even stronger, as a result India was divided and Hindu Muslim riots are still prevalent.lastly Partition of IndiaThe British had laid their roots long ago, now the Hindu Muslim rivalry had become severe and Partition of India now could not be stopped. The partition of India was the partition of British India on the basis of religious demographics. This led to the creation of the sovereign states of the Dominion of Pakistan (later the Islamic country of Pakistan and the Peoples nation of Bangladesh) and the Union of India (later Republic of India) which took place in 1947, on 14 and 15 Aug ust, respectively.The partition of India was set forth in the Indian Independence fiddle 1947 and resulted in the dissolution of the Indian Empire and the end of the British Raj. With the decision in favour of partition made, the parties next faced this nearly out(predicate) task of fixing a border between the new states. The Muslims sedulous two main regions in the north on opposite sides of the country, disjunct by a majority-Hindu section. In addition, throughout most of northern India members of the two religions were mixed together not to mention populations of Sikhs, Christians and other minority faiths. The Sikhs campaigned for a nation of their own, but their appeal was denied. On August 14, 1947, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan was founded.

Impact of Stroke Case Study

Impact of slam Case sightIntroductionJithra is now 68 years of age. Her family bes of husband, daughter, nephew and nephews wife. She has been living with left face hemiplegia begind by shooting since she was 64. As this interview went, Jithra was holding her daughters deliberate and slowly elaborated her word by word experience in tears. Before an episode of buffet damaged the right side of meat of her whizz and order her in bed for the rest of her carriage, Jithra was living a life of a healthy person. She stated that poverty and debt were the most important factors that propel her to wake up at 430 am on regular basis in order to prep be food and beverage for her respective customers who kindly supported her small restaurant. A strong flavor that she did non necessitate all health issue strengthened by the fact that an annual physical check-up was so expensive disguised Jithra from realising how necessity it was to strike her birth coerce and downslope gluco se level regularly monitored when she aged. As now that she spends her activities of daily living in bed, drag sore has set about the main concern for both Jithra and her family. Though Jithra does not complain of soreness, loss on scrape does indicate that some field of studys need attention. This essay depart provide an overview understanding of stroke and its negative effects posed on Jithra. Further more than, this essay will emphasise on the intervention and stay freshion of insistency ulcerationationation in depth.Understand lashAccording to World wellness Organization (2014), stroke occurs when there is an interruption of the dividing line supply to a part of the whiz. Stroke sight be divided into two major types. The first type is called haemorrhagic stroke. This type of stroke accounts for slightly 13 percent of all strokes (Brown Edward, 2012). It results from bleeding into the brain tissue. The bleeding ca utilize by a rupture of blood vessels results in the leakage of blood into the brain impairing the speech communication of type O and nutrients. Haemorrhagic stroke bum be caused by a number of disorders affecting the blood vessels. Some of which are long-standing gamy blood pressure and cerebral aneurysms, a thin or weak bit on a blood vessel wall. The weak spots that cause aneurysms are usually present at birth. The move upment of aneurysms happens over a number of years and dont usually cause perceptible problems until they break (Stroke Foundation, 2014). Jithras daughter stated that Jithra complained of headache and nausea round 48 hours, in particular during periods of activity, before an episode of stroke occurred. Headache peculiarly distinguishes haemorrhagic stroke from ischaemic stroke. Its other symptoms alike include nausea, vomiting, fall level of consciousness, neurological deficits and hypertension (Brown Edward, 2012).The second type is called ischaemic stroke. It accounts for approximately 85 percent of all strokes. According to Brown and Edward (2012), this type of stroke occurs as the result of partial or complete obstruction, caused by a blood clot, of a blood vessel that supplies blood to the brain. This leads to an insufficient of oxygen supply and glucose needed for cellular metabolism. A clot may be formed by means of embolism or thrombosis. Both types of clotting formations can be differentiated by their characteristics. The term embolism in relation to stroke is characterised by a condition where an embolus is created in ace part of the brain or the body, circulates in the bloodstream, and eventually blocks the flow of blood through a vessel in another part of the brain (Crosta, 2009). This is called embolic stroke. On the other hand, the term thrombosis is characterised by the formation of a clot resulted from fatty deposits or plaque blocking the passage of blood through the artery. This type of clot remains in one area of blood vessels without being carried through out the bloodstream. This is called thrombotic stroke (Brown Edward, 2012).Stroke encounter factors at that place are multiple find factors associating with stroke as according with (Brown Edward, 2012). The pretend factors can be classified into non-modifiable essay factors and modifiable risk factors. Non-modifiable risk factors include age, gender, race and heredity. Modifiable risk factors include diabetes mellitus, heart disease, atrial fibrillation, heavy alcohol consumption, hypercoagulability, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, obesity, physical inactivity, sickle cell disease and smoking.Jithra, at 68, was diagnosed with hypertension or high blood pressure and diabetes mellitus. Age, hypertension and diabetes mellitus stir played a mainstay role in contribution to stroke. Stroke risk increases with age, doubling each decade after age 55 (Brown Edward, 2012, p. 1622). The rate of atherosclerotic development is usually increased by the essay of a constantly elevated blo od pressure. The term atherosclerosis is referred to as hardening of the arteries resulting from the formation of fatty deposits or plaques. The narrowing of the blood vessels is its consequence. The carotid artery in the neck is a common site where these plaques develop and tend to break away and lodge in the vessels of the brain (Sander, 2013). Likewise, diabetes mellitus increases list towards the dysfunction of the inner linings of the blood vessel walls leading to an increase in the tendency towards the development of plaques. In addition, high cholesterol and triglyceride levels are transcendly likely among people with diabetes mellitus (Brown Edward, 2012, p. 863).Impact of StrokeAccording to Brown and Edward (2012), stroke is a leading cause of serious, long-term disability. Jithra has been living with left side paralysis since she was 64 as a consequence of stroke. Immobility and the helplessness in Jithras right arm and leg are the key limitations. She relies greatly on her family members when move in bed is attempted and a combination of self- shell out abilities and activities of daily living, such as eating or drinking, are performed. Dysarthria, a disturbance in the muscular control of speech, is also experienced. worsening may involve pronunciation, articulation and phonation. This helps explaining why Jithra feels uncomfortable communicating with strangers. As the interview went, a sudden change in emotion was spotted. Persons who have had a stroke may have difficulty controlling their emotions. worked up responses may be exaggerated or unpredictable (Brown Edward, 2012, p. 1628).The daughter say that Jithra sometimes cried without any reason. The interchanging between laughing and crying took only proceedings to do so. Besides pressure, shearing force, friction and excessive moisture apply to pressure ulcer formation (Maklebust Sieggreen, 2001). As mentioned above that Jithra is bed-bound and greatly relies on her family members wh en re siting is attempted, manual handling is used in order to bringing up and move her around the bed. However, the in crystallise techniques feature with non-supportive equipment, such as slew sheet, have put the maintenance of Jithras contend integrity becomes much(prenominal) more difficult. squash UlcerAccording to Sydney South western hemisphere (2008, p. 4), pressure ulcers are defined as any lesion caused by unrelieved pressure when soft tissue is compressed between a bony intumescency and an external surface for a prolonged period. Factors that influence the development of pressure ulcers include the intensity of the pressure the length of time the pressure is exerted on the skin and the ability of the tissue to tolerate the externally applied pressure. innate factors that put Jithra at risk in developing pressure ulcers consist of advanced age, malnutrition and diabetes mellitus. Extrinsic factors include pressure, shear and moisture Sydney South West (2008).Interve ntionAlthough the skin remains intact, the appearance of persistent redness, particularly in sacrum, followed by itchy sensation indicates that stage one pressure ulcer has already developed. Stage one pressure ulcer can be intervened as referred to pressure ulcer intervention guidelines (Jones, 2013) by strictly maintaining the skin integrity. This can be pip by relieving the externally applied pressure, protect fragile skin and bony prominence, preventing friction and shearing and defend skin from moisture.In relieving the externally applied pressure, a regime of shift combined with the use of pressure relieving devices has already been utilised by Jithras daughter. However, it king not be enough in terms of the frequency. The frequency of repositioning depends on the ability of the tissue to tolerate the externally applied pressure. In this case, Jithra should move or be repositioned frequently enough in allowing colour area of affected skin to recover from the effects of p ressure. A work clock may be a helpful reminder of correct body positions and appropriate routine times. Additionally, a 30- stagecoach side fictionalization position may well be utilised for Jithra as it diverts pressure from the sacrum. Maintaining a 30-degree side lying position can simply be done by use pillow or foam positioning wedges. However, lying on the side may increase pressure on extremities, especially knees and ankles. Placing pillows between the legs helps preventing opposing knees and ankles from exerting pressure on one another (Maklebust Sieggreen, 2001).In protecting fragile skin and bony prominence, an appropriate support surfaces shall be used and yet its cost has to be taken into consideration. Poverty and debt make it very difficult for Jithra to afford buying or renting them. Charges can range from $24 to purchase a foam overlay to a daily rental fee of $125 for a highly good therapy bed (Maklebust Sieggreen, 2001, p. 75). Regardless of the variations in price, There is no scientific show up that one support surface consistently works better than any others. Nevertheless, pressure points require protection whether at risk persons are in a bed or on a chair. Using pillows to straddle vulnerable areas, again simple, is an effective way to eliminate pressure. A regime of repositioning, together with the use of pillows has proved to be highly effective in protecting fragile skin and bony prominence.In preventing Jithra from friction and shearing, a family education on how friction and shearing occur and correct impost of manual handling techniques and appropriate equipment shall be provided. Shear is greatest when a caregiver drags an at risk person along the surface of the sheets during repositioning or allows the person to slide from high-fowlers position. In order to understate shearing force, the head of the bed shall not be raised exceeding a 30 degree angle, unless the patient is eating. Furthermore, friction, a precursor o f shear, is ordinarily caused by pulling a patient across the bed linen. rubbing the protective layer of skin away increases the potential for deeper tissue damage. profligate moisture may be the result of sweating, wound drainage, soaking during clean and faecal and urinary incontinence. Moist skin is five times as likely to become ulcerated as dry skin. The intervention guidelines suggested that protecting skin from moisture can be done by using continence concern systems, using barrier skin cream to prevent skin maceration and keeping the site clean and dry. Living in a hot and humid country like Thailand may put Jithra at a higher risk of developing pressure ulcer due to sweating. Thailand normally has its temperature sitting at around 30 degree Celsius. Two fans, together with the application of baby powder are used in maintaining the dryness of Jithras skin.RecommendationAccording to Jones (2013), it is highly recommended that risk assessments must be done on Jithra by usin g the Waterlow scale. In doing so, her body mass index is required. The scale will give a score which helps identifying if Jithra is at risk, high risk or very high risk in developing pressure ulcers. Therefore, repositioning regime can be precisely arranged in order to ensure optimal pressure redistribution. Manual handling, together with the use of equipment such as hoists or slide sheets, effectively helps avoiding shear and friction. Education on the use of the mentioned equipment shall also be provided. A dietician shall be involved in discussing intimacy of healthy diet and considering the need for food fortification and nutritional supplements. amaze sure that Jithra consumes adequate fibre and well hydrated as she is more prone to constipation due to immobility.ConclusionThis can be conclude that the maintenance of skin integrity plays a key role in avoiding the development of pressure ulcers. Being rich or poor expertness not be the factors in treating and preventing p ressure ulcers. This essay has shown how beneficial it is to have carers or family members who strictly put pressure ulcer intervention and barroom guidelines into practice to look after Jithra. The mattress that Jithra lays her body on might not be the best that the family can afford but frequently turning and maintaining dry skin have proved in lowering the risk of developing pressure ulcers. Only stage one pressure ulcer developed though, Jithra has been suffering from disability for 4 years.ReferencesBrown, D., Edwards, H. (Eds.). (2012). Lewiss medical-surgical nursing assessment and management of clinical problems. NSW, Australia Elsevier Australia.Crosta, P. (2009). What Is Embolism? What Are The Different Types Of Embolism?. Medical intelligence operation Today. Retrieved from http//www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/153704.phpJones, D. (2013). Pressure ulcer prevention in the community setting. Nursing Standard, 28 (3) 47-55. Retrieved from http//web.a.ebscohost.com.ezpro xy.holmesglen.vic.edu.au/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3sid=87c6951d-c6be-44c5-8985-c35d1918eb04%40sessionmgr4004hid=4207Maklebust, J., Sieggreen, M. (2001). Pressure Ulcers Guidelines for Prevention and Management (3rd ed.). Pennsylvania, USA Springhouse Corporation.ONeill, P. A. (2002). Caring for the Older prominent A Health Promotion Perspective. Pennsylvania, USA W.B. Saunders Company.Sander, R. (2013). Prevention and treatment of chills and fever ischaemic stroke. Nursing Older People, 25(8), 34-39.Scott, K., Webb, M., Sorrentino, S., Gorek, B. (Eds.). (2006). Long-term care assisting Aged care and disability. NSW, Australia Elsevier Australia.Stroke Foundation. (2014). Types of Stroke. Retrieve from http//strokefoundation.com.au/what-is-a-stroke/types-of-stroke/Sydney South West Area Health Service. (2007). Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Management. Retrieved fromhttp//www.sswahs.nsw.gov.au/pdf/policy/pd2008008.pdfWatkins, C., Leathley, M. (2010). Setting the scene. In Wil liams, J., Perry, L., Watkins C. (Eds.), Acute Stroke Nursing (pp.1-16). Retrieved fromhttp//0-onlinelibrary.wiley.com.alpha2.latrobe.edu.au/store/10.1002/9781444318838.ch1/asset/ch1.pdf?v=1t=ht43cw4ls=1791526b00be208b196d718b1c2189904267ad40World Health Organization. (2014). Stroke, cerebrovascular Accident. Retrieved from http//www.who.int/topics/cerebrovascular_accident/en/

Difference between ETAR and CCC in Calculation of Dose

Difference among E labourer and 300 in computation of DoseAbstractAims According to the limitations of TPSs dit reckoning algorithms, it is great to verify their calculations and to dress the amount of remainders of their results with actual delivered venereal infection in the patient re heavys for altogether of ray situations to find the best and accurate algorithm to engage for intake in routine acti nonherapy handling readying.Materials and Methods After organisation of simulated Linacs head in water supply system phantom as a homogeneous medium, the vexed head verified in Rando phantom as a heterogeneous medium for pituitary gland ara ir lance. In the second part, ETAR and ccc algorithms were comp atomic number 18d for 2 lateral parallel opposed and star oblique (45 degree) handle (33 cm2) irradiations at 18 MV utilize 30 physical wedge.Results Our results showed that at that place are signifi lingo difference betwixt ETAR and CCC in calculation of d elivered superman in pituitary irradiation. Also, n peerless of the algorithms can expect actual back breaker in air perdition areas, except Monte Carlo regularity.Conclusions As differences amidst algorithms may deal effect on fiber of treatment, it is important to evaluate algorithms to choose the best one for use in clinical situations. MC method is a swell evaluation beast for proportion of clinical do drugs calculation algorithms.Keywords discussion think system, Dose calculation algorithm, Monte Carlo pretense, ETAR, CCCIntroductionThe main objective of radiation therapy is to deliver the maximum possible dose to the stone pit tumor with minimum dose to the normal surrounding threads 1. To achieve this, a good understanding of the dose distribution in irradiated tissue and approximately importantly, experimental verification of this distribution is requiremented. During the actual radiation treatment planning in clinics, dose distribution metric by treatm ent planning systems (TPS). Any deviation in these calculated distribution would lead to difference in patients delivered dose and would rush an important effect on quality and effectiveness of the radi otherapy treatment.Most of dose calculation algorithms in TPSs are inaccurate in radiation disequilibrium conditions such as near tissue inhomogeneity like near air cavities and bone-soft tissue interfaces for dispirited and multiplex radiation fields 2-5. in that respectfore, it is important to validate this dose calculations. Common formation is performed by comparisons with measured data which their reliability depends on metre situations and instruments and several other aspects. So, in that location are roughly limitations in this kind of validation such as the circumstance that it is impossible to verify the dose calculations in some parts of patients body for example in brain irradiation.Currently, it is well cognise that the Monte Carlo (MC) is the most accurate me thod for dose calculation 6-10 and with the improvement of computer engineering, dose calculation algorithms based on the MC method have the potential to be utilise to calculate the delivered dose in radiotherapy clinics. But, due to the time consuming process of the full MC calculations and some of the limitations in speed of computers in clinics 11, it is still impossible to use full MC in routine clinical calculations. However, it is most respectable technic to verification of TPSs dose calculations 12-14.According to mentioned limitation of TPSs dose calculation algorithms, it is important to verify their calculations. There are several studies on MC validation of common dose calculation algorithms in homogeneous medium and open and also complex radiation fields 15-22, but because of the several complex situations in clinical irradiations, it is important to find the amount of differences of dose calculation algorithms results with actual delivered dose in the patient body f or all of these situations to find the best and accurate algorithm to choose for use in radiation treatment planning process.In this article, we compared 2 dose calculation algorithms of CorePLAN TPS for computed tomography (CT) images of a patient with pituitary adenoma. The algorithms were equivalent tissue-air ratio (ETAR) and collapsed cone vortex (CCC) which are routinely used in radiation treatment planning. The escort divided in to two parts validation of MC model in homogeneous and heterogeneous medium, and comparison of ETAR and CCC algorithms with MC as a gold standard. After validation of simulated head of the aesculapian linear accelerator (Linac) in water phantom as a homogeneous medium, the modeled head verified in Rando phantom as a heterogeneous medium for pituitary gland area irradiation. In the second part, ETAR and CCC algorithms were compared to MC good example for planned pituitary radiation same as one in Rando phantom.Materials and MethodsMonte Carlo Simu lationsThe EGSnrc 23 user figure BEAMnrc 24 was used to model an 18 MV transmit from a Varian 2100C/D (Varian checkup Systems, Palo Alto, CA). The Linac was modelled with different component modules (CM). Table-1 shows these components and their materials. The schematic geometry showing the CMs are shown in figure-1. The 3D image created by EGS_WINDOWS 25 program.In this matter, ISOURC==19 was used for modelling the happening negatron air. This source is a circular transport with 2-D Gaussian distribution of particles. ECUT and PCUT parameters which used to define the global electron and photon crosscut energy, were set to 0.7 MeV and 0.01 MeV. Also, Electron Range Rejection with ESAVE value of 0.7 MeV in the target and ESAVE-GLOBAL=2 MeV and Directional Bremsstrahlung Splitting with NBRSL=750 were used to minimize the simulation time.Phase shoes data were created for open 10 10 cm2 photon beam and the percentage reason dose (PDD) and pro file cabinets of measured and si mulated data were used for verification of the beam energy and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the consequent electron beam in 30 30 30 cm3 water phantom using DOSXYZnrc code 26.To drive best estimates for the energy and FWHM of the incident electron beam, the method which introduced by Sheikh-Bagheri and Rogers 27 were used. For comparison amid calculations and bars, all curves were normalized to the nerve center of the field for dose profiles and the perspicacity of dose maximum for the PDD curves. This procedure is suggested by Pemler et al. 28 for MC calculated dose distributions of single electron fields. Differences among the calculated and measured curves for dose profiles, were compared in terms of dose difference (DD) in the low dose gradient areas, and distance to agreement (DTA) in millimetre (mm), in the high dose gradient.For both of Rando phantom and patient studies, CT images of phantom and the patient were used by CTcreate program to make *.egsphant fil e for irradiation by ISOURC=8 in DOSXYZnrc code.Radiation Treatment supplyingThe check was done for Rando phantom and one clinical case CT images originally calculated with equivalent tissue-air ratio algorithm (ETAR) by CorePLAN treatment planning system for pituitary gland radiotherapy. Two other dose algorithms were used collapsed cone convolution (CCC) and Monte Carlo program, BEAMnrc and DOSXYZnrc codes. The dose calculation algorithms were compared for 2 lateral parallel opposed and one oblique (45 degree) fields (33 cm2) irradiations at 18 MV using 30 physical wedges. move into 2 shows designed radiation plan for Rando phantom and patient CT images.Dose DistributionsIn Monte Carlo simulation, dose distributions were calculated with DOSXYZnrc that were used as a benchmark and in Rando phantom study, radiographic (Kodak EDR2) and radiochromic (Gafchromic EBT2) films used to endure planar dose distributions. All films scanned with Microtek 9800XL scanner. Gafchromic EBT2 fil ms scanned 24 h after irradiation 29. As the pituitary gland is placed in level 3 in Rando phantom (see figure 3), dose calculations and measurements were compared for the delivered dose in surfaces between layers (2,3), (3,4) and (4,5), in terms of 2D isodose curves. All measurements were repeated three times.Results validation of Monte CarloFor validation of Monte Carlo simulation, results were compared with measurements in water phantom and 18.2 MeV and 1.5 mm for energy and FWHM of the incident electron beam shows the best match with measurements. var. 4 shows PDD and dose profile for mentioned energy and FWHM. For PDD curve, dose difference was below 1% and for dose profile, DD and DTA were 0.97% 0.65 and 1.71 mm 1.08 for open field and 1.23% 1.09 and 1.79mm 0.96 for wedged field. valuation of Monte Carlo simulation in Rando phantomSimulated Linac were evaluated by comparison with EBT2 and EDR2 film dosimetry in Rando phantom as a heterogeneous medium for pituitary radiat ion treatment dose calculations. This part of the study performed to make sure that simulated Linac have an acceptable death penalty in a heterogeneous medium similar to the patient body, where measurement of the delivered dose is impossible.Totally, differences between Monte Carlo and film measurements were 4.93% 0.87 for all of the layers. These differences were 4.62% 1.37 for EBT2 films and 5.03% 0.49 for EDR2 film dosimetry. Also, there were 1.2% difference between EBT2 and EDR2 results.Patient study resultsThe final purpose of this study was evaluation of ETAR and CCC dose calculation algorithms in almost small size complex radiation wedged fields. To achieve this, Monte Carlo simulation used as a gold standard to compare these algorithms. put down 5 shows results of the radiation treatment planning using Monte Carlo method, ETAR and CCC dose calculation algorithms.The differences between Monte Carlo and dose calculation algorithms were 6.40% 3.44 (range 3.8% to 10.3% ) f or CCC and 10.36% 4.37 (range 5.5% to 13.9% ) for ETAR.DiscussionDose calculation algorithms in treatment planning systems have an important role in radiation oncology departments. Any inaccuracy in predicting dose distribution in patients body will change the quality of the treatment. So, it is important to find the suitable algorithm for dose calculations in radiation therapy process. upstart algorithms which commonly used in TPSs, beside of their improvements in calculation, may have appreciable inaccuracies in some clinical situations such as small fields, electron disequilibrium and interfaces between different densities 7.In this study, the differences between CCC and ETAR algorithms were compared to MC simulation results which considered as a gold standard. The study was done for a patient case with pituitary adenoma. To achieve this, the project divided in to two parts. The world-class step was validation of modelled Linac head in water and Rando phantom as homogeneous a nd heterogeneous medium.Results of simulated head in water phantom showed that the best match between simulated results and measurement data will appear when energy and FWHM of incident electron beam was set to 18.2 MeV and 1.5 mm, respectively. These amounts were in the range of their resulted amounts in previous MC studies 27, 30-32.There are several recommendations for evaluate the accuracy of dose calculations in non-homogeneous areas with high or low dose gradient33-38. Our results for open and wedged fields in water phantom were in agreement with recommended amounts by Venselaar et al.33 for dose profiles and also differences between measured and simulated results were under 2 percent recommended in previous studies for PDD curves12, 27, 33, 39.Evaluations in Rando phantom study showed 4.93% 0.87 for all of the EBT2 and EDR2 layers in comparison with MC simulation. This difference was little than 7% discrepancy inform by Brualla et al.40 and was more than Dobler et al.16 res ults which reported 3% difference between MC and film dosimetry in heterogeneous medium. There would be two reasons for this difference. The first one is the gaps between Rando phantom layers which made by placing the film between them. These gaps are larger for EDR2 films because of the thickness of their cover. While, in MC simulation these distances would not considered in calculations.The second one is the fact that in high engrossment tissues such as bone, as the number of the scattered secondary electrons increases, delivered dose will decrease and this will considered in MC calculations. Because this method considers all of the interactions occur in that tissue and calculates the delivered dose in it. But in film dosimetry, film density is equal to the soft tissue density and bone scatter electrons will cause an increment in delivered dose in the film and this may lead to a disagreement between MC and film dosimetry.Film dosimetry have uncertainties pertinent to several fac tors such as nonuniform thickness of the sharp layer, temperature effects, scanner uncertainty and its fiery up effect41-43. There was 1.2% difference between EBT2 and EDR2 films. EDR2 films are escaped sensitive and were cut in a dark room However, this low light may have effects on measurements. Also, EDR2 film processing have remarkable effects on the results while there is no need to process the EBT2 films.Final results showed near 6.4% difference for CCC algorithm and about 10.3% for ETAR algorithm in comparison to MC simulation. Chow et al.44 evaluated the anisotropic uninflected algorithm (AAA) and CCC in heterogeneous phantom for tangential photon beam. They showed that the repute dose differences between MC and CCC was about 4.6% for 15 MV photon beam with 77 cm2 field size.Polednik et al. 17 in comparison between pencil beam (PB) and collapsed cone (CC) algorithms in an anthropomorphic phantom, reported that there is about 6% difference between CC algorithm calculati ons and measurements. Our results are close to their findings and also Calvo et al. 19 results which reported about 5.6% differences for CCC in comparison with MC.Figure 5 shows that none of the algorithms could predict the actual dose in air cavity except MC. This difference is larger for ETAR. This is due to this fact that ETAR algorithm uses the ratio of two tissue-air ratio (TAR) for inhomogeneity correction and in definition, TAR is ratio of absorbed dose in a given depth in absorbent material to the same depth in a small air region in electron equilibrium situation. Therefore, this algorithm assumes that there is electron equilibrium in all points. So, in bone-air interfaces which there in no electron equilibrium, ETAR will have fault in dose calculations 45. Also, ETAR only considers primary and scattered photons and doesnt consider the secondary electrons. Hence, it cant evaluate the electron disequilibrium 12, 46-50. While, CCC models electron transport and will predict the effects of electron disequilibrium in heterogeneous interfaces 51. Our results showed that CCC algorithm as a model based dose calculation algorithm, have a better agreement with MC simulation and the results of this study confirms the previous studies 15, 52-56.In conclusion, as differences between algorithms may have effects on quality of treatment, it is important to evaluate algorithms to choose the best one for use in clinical situations. MC method is a great evaluation tool for comparison of clinical dose calculation algorithms.AcknowledgmentsThis work was financially support by grant no. 90-04-30-15948 to S. R. Mahdavi from the deputy of research of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The data presented here are provided from the K. Tanhas MSc thesis. The authors would like to thank Dr. M. Sohrabpour from Sharif university of technology for his support on this study and physics staff of radiotherapy department of Pars Hospital at Tehran, Iran for their assistance.

Personal Plan What Are Your Personal Goals English Language Essay

Personal Plan What Are Your Personal Goals English quarrel EssaySetting a excogitation for afterlife is the most knock-dget(a) process of thinking about our time to come and motivating ourselves to achieve our dreams and delivery them to reality. The process of setting remnants helps us to choose where we want to be in our lifespan, what we want in our life, and what steps we pauperism to take in our life to achieve our goals as we view proposened. Personal plan is the most authorised step we need to take it. Personal plan helps us to sustain forward towards our armorial bearinger hunting for a job, to explode our own descent, and in whatever case our future with our family. Therefore, I sustain set just about plans to achieve my goals. I confide that how hulky we think, big we dream, and big we plan, thats how big we achieve our goals in our life. I always think hard and long about my future. light beam Druckers quote the best way to predict the future is to cre ate it, is integrity(a) of my favorite quote which give me the strength and reason to create my plans for my rectify future. So with this inspiration I always imagine my future from since I was a kid.By imagining my life fifteen familys from now, cardinal of my plan and dream is to get matrimonial to kat who loves me a lot, who wishs for me and my family, giving adore to totally, who is well settled and as well as who will always stands beside me my happiness and unhappiness. religion and understanding atomic number 18 one of the main crucial things which I would a a equal(p)(p) to give importance in my married life. soon I am non in a relationship simply I would manage to redeem whatsoeverone in my life who will fill my unscathed life with colors of happiness. I would get married to a guy of my dream and would be living with him for my life time. As I am from an Indian family I would a similar to marry to an Indian guy.I believe in joint family system so, I would wish well to live in a joint family after my hymeneals with my husband and his family. crossroads family helps us to keep strong bond relationship mingled with each former(a) in family, which keeps unity and also gives us support during any necessity. Joint family teaches children to respect our elder and the ability to sacrifice what they want in life. I would similar to have two children, one girl and one boy and want to be the best mom for my kid. I dont want to endow my kids in babysitting as they dont take c ar as one family member or a mother takes for their children. I would wish well to charm from 700 am until 300 pm, as I would be bear out at mansion when my kids are back at home from school. spend time with the family is very necessary to keep family happy. I would also worry to spend my weekends with my family and would like to go out with them and cooking roughly specials foods for my family as cooking is one of my favorite hobbies. Spending time wi th childrens is so important because if we do non spend time with children then they are issue to feel neglected and nobody is giving them importance nor nobody loves them. This vitrine of feelings forces children to do wrong things and divert them in wrong path. Therefore, I would like to provide environment of unity, love and peace to my children. Spending time with husband is also as important as appending time with children to run our marriage life smoothly.Currently I am busy with my studies and job so I couldnt take care of my health, but I would like to lend some weight by maintaining my figure as I am married now and would like to maintain my health as in other ways too. I would like to twist out any day for an hour in future which I am not able to maintain my schedule in present.I would like to improve in sex from 18 twelvemonths of life. I would like to have some enough bullion that I can take care of my family and fulfill wants of my family. I would like to buy m y own house where I would be living happily with my family and would also like to save money virtually $75000 in my account by deducting all expenses such as car insurance, mortgage, bills for other utilities, my childrens expenses, and our other fooling expenses.What are your Career Goals?Currently I am pursuing my undergraduate education in accounting, finance, and MIS meanness and mean to graduate with 150 credits by January 2011 and take my bachelor leg. I would like to be paid at list 55000 per year at entry level job with some experience of internship. mend continuing the job at smashed I would also like to take my certified public accountant license. I would like to complete my bachelor degree and get my CPA license. In present I dont have to the full time job but I would like to have a full time job from where I could achieve all my dreams. afterward finishing my studies I planned to trifle in a nimble growing accounting and finance firm where my skills and kno wledge would be challenged daily in a corporate environment. My career goal is to except the forever challenging corporate environment to come up myself. I am an self-directed and a responsible person. I would like to turn up my career with big four firm or either a rapid growing industries of accounting and finance. As I am lock in beginning my career I would go for any position of accounting and finance on hand(predicate) in the firm because that position might be a stepping pit to our success, but I would most prefer the regime job. Government jobs provides a wide range of benefits like insurance, retirement, social security, thrift saving plan, circulate and holidays, recruitment bonus and many more. Government jobs provide insurance for care and life based on options which includes the family insurance in it. Government jobs provides several(prenominal) others options of savings similar 401k plan, provides paid 13 days sick vary each year and paid vacation leave each year depending on number of old(a) age of service. Also one of the other benefits is that we are given upto 25% of basic pay before entering on duty. I more prefer to make for in a disposal friendship as they have more benefits and I would like to work in an auditing department as it has wide range of area such as forensic auditing, sales auditing, external auditing, internal auditing, and many more.I am also interested in learning wipe out FICO, which is employ for finance and controlling. Many different fields such as ranking(prenominal) Financial psychoanalyst, Financial Analyst, Senior Accountant, Staff Accountant, Cost Accountant, Financial Analyst Accountant, and CFO are required to have knowledge about SAP FICO. Media salary for job for the person with the SAP FICO skill starts from $46208 for staff accountant and highest $99157 for CFO correspond to rating by pay scale (Salary great deal for Skill SAP SAP Financial Accounting and Controlling (SAP FICO) (United St ates)) . I would like to be CFO of a company and help the firm achieves its goal. One of my goal is to add the greatest quantity of worth to the company where I am working in a shortest amount of time. I would like to build the great confidence among my coworkers towards me and also would like to work at a place where people understand the meaning of team up work. I like to work in firm where coworkers will be helpful and caring.A strategic plan for your future?I have planned my personalised and career goals and I try to achieve it according to my goals. I believe that if we need succeed in our life, setting goals is one of the most important goals towards success. To put to death our goals we can just say I want to do this today and expect to be done. Goals setting a process where we actually need a real hard work to achieve our goal.As I mentioned earlier in career goals that I want to become CPA within 5 years from now. So to accomplish my goal I would be working hard for my C PA exams and additional I would be doing full time job. I also planned to get married in five years, so to accomplish my personal goal of getting married within 5 years I need to first get myself settled and would like to be in relationship after finishing my bachelor degree. I would be enjoying my married life and spending time with my husband.I would like to start my own CPA firm within 10 years from now. let and knowledge are the two most important objectives necessary to start our own crease. So I decide to work in any government firm or public firm and gain some experience and then start my own product line. I would also like to take my MBA degree before start my own business. To start my own business investment is the most important factor to be do in business. Therefore I would like to have an investment of around at least $60000 in my business, because new business needs some time to settle in market. To accomplish my goal of starting business and winning my MBA degree I have to work hard and need to be more organized. While doing my business and studies I have to chip in sure to spend time with my family too.I would be doing my business and would like to buy a motel within 20 years from now. I would also like to investment my money more in property and would like to give it on rent so that we can also have side income by sitting at home. I would also like to do invest my money in stocks. I would like to develop my business as fast as possible. I would hire some people for my business as I couldnt be there at different places at a same time. I have all kind of experience now but still I would like to get continuously update with ever changing technologies. So I would like to get training and experience in new future technologies within the 20 years from now. A new technology makes our work easier and faster, for example computer. So its so important to get knowledge in new upcoming technologies.I would be 66 years old after 35 years. I have ac hieved everything in my life as I planned. I would like to get retired from job and would like to compact on my business. I would help my son to get knowledge of our business as he would be the one who will be taking care of it. I would like to buy one house in Anaheim, in southern California because love that city. It has maintained parks and trees on the roadways. I would be still investing my money in stocks by spending most of my time with my family. Now I have demonstrable in money and home from 18 areas of my life.A Strategic plan B for your future.?Some of my imagination changed as I grew up, some of them are already achieved and some of them are still too accomplished. For example, when I was a kid if somebody asks me what I want to become in future then my answer was doctor, but now my answer changed as I grew up. Although some of my personal goals are still same as I planed when I was a kid. Goals should be planned in a ingenious way. Difficulties are meant to rouse, no t discourage. The human spirit is to grow strong by conflict.-William Ellery Channing. We always plan ahead of time but sometimes still it fails to work according to what we planned our personal and career goals. We dont know what our future is going to be so we need to always plan solutions with the goals. We portray many thorns in our life and so we have to pass done these thorns with the courage and strength to achieve our goals.As I have planned doing MBA after 10 years from now, but I am not sure whether I am going to accomplish my goal or not, as I am going to be busy with my married life and children. I would tradeoffs some of the spending time with my family to earn my MBA degree. If I am not able to get my MBA degree I would like to take online classes and complete my MBA degree by sitting at home and by giving enough time to my family too. MBA is very important for me as I want to open my own business. So before starting any business, knowledge of administrating business is so important to keep our business running on smooth basis on todays competiting environment.Next goal is to get a job in government firm but I am not sure as I am going to achieve my goal or not due to the competitive environment. So in option if I dont get any government job I would like to work in a hole-and-corner(a) or public firm where my skills will be practiced in a daily competitive environment. I would like to work in a big four firm and will achieve my goals. I would not let affect my goals due to any obstacles in my personal goals and career goals. I have planned my goals in such a SMART way that would not lead any mislead to my goals. I have divided my goals by keeping some gap between my each goal so that there will be not much chance to achieve it.

Essay --

Following the publication of the book The Analysis of the Self, Heinz Kohut created a revolutionary theory to represent a new branch of analytic thinking ego-psychology (OLeary, Trumpeter, Watson, & Weathington, 2008). The idea of self-psychology is based on a series of fittings made inwardly adolescence following a general pattern. Firstly, the child must develop the self, which consists of the childs feelings and thoughts on the surrounding environment. Born with a nuclear self, children are exposed to a virtual self presented by the parental figures. To achieve proper stability and structure, children need to first live on narcissistic to develop a mother wit of worth and permanence, giving flair to the grandiose self (Banai, Mikulincer, & Shaver, 2005). Kohut proposed the idea of adaptive narcissism ( unequivocal) and maladaptive narcissism (negative), two forms of the same narcissistic tendencies (OLeary, Trumpeter, Watson, & Weathington, 2008).Kohut believed development of the self, being a new adaptation to Freuds id/ego/superego theory, took place within cardinal axes the grandiosity bloc, the idealization axis, and the alter ego-connectedness axis. The grandiosity axis refers to the childs ability to preserve a controlling outlook upon life and keep back a balanced self-esteem. A normal, healthy adult possesses the ability to rent ambitious endeavors, present commitment to worthwhile tasks, and retain assertiveness, if this particular axis is well developed essentially, this axis is the embodiment of the childs sense of self-worth. The idealization axis coincides with the wants and desires of a person. The ability to sustain a balanced goal system is the key to the development of the idealization axis a normal, ... ...r, certain circumstances reap negative consequences. Generally speaking, such actions communicate subconsciously in response to an unspoken bond or astonishment for the subjects mentor. Often times, things, such as physica l appearance, call tone or attitude, posture, eye contact, distance, and body language, may be mimicked unwantedly. This adaptation usually leads to a charismatic attitude, persuasive dialect, intimate camaraderie, and an overall positive feel to the relationship. Not all things mimicked will be a positive trait, however, nor will the adaptations always be seen as a good thing. such adaptations may cause an awkward reaction if the mentor is uncomfortable with the situation. The abrupt threat of the mentors unique nature may be seen as a social faux pa, causing a unobtrusiveness to creep into the relationship because of the newfound insecurity (Thompson, 2012).

Workplace Ethics Essay -- essays research papers

I can describe ethics in the workplace as the salutary way to act on the job, whether you ar the manager or the employee. You can use ethics positively the right way or negative and possibly get yourself and or others fired. I worked at Target for two and a half years and I only have experienced one negative ethical situation.I was hired at Target to be an overnight stocker during Targets remodeling. There was a team of us five guys and three girls. hotshot night our supervisor called in and said that she was not going to be able to come until the morning. To everyone expect for me, since I was new, this was normal. Our supervisor left a list of instructions for us to follow that night and told us that if everyone had any problems or questions to ask Mike, one of the team members that had...

Americas Enterence into WWI was Ideological Essay -- essays research

Was the Statess Entrance into WWI Ideological or stinting?Our objectis to vindicate the principles of serenity and justice in the life of the reality as against selfish and authoritarian power and to set up amongst the real ease and self-governed masss of the knowledge domain such(prenominal) a concert of purpose and of military action as will henceforward insure the observance of those principles. Neutrality is no longer feasible or desirable where the tranquillity of the cosmea is involve and the freedom of its peoplesWoodrow Wilson said this to coitus when he was addressing them to declare war against Germany. He is aware that even though he had fought so hard to nourish neutral that the Germans had just pushed overly hard. Wilson continues saying that the Untied States has no hostility with Germany but merely wants to ending the war and pay off peace to the world. A peace without victory, that was Wilsons goal. He believed that a peace can provided be main tained if in that location is a partnership of democratic nations, that no autocratic government could be trusted to uphold its principles and covenants. Wilson believed that all people deserved to be free and that then and only then could peace be attained. He regretted come in America into WWI but knows that for the good of the world it had to have been done. Wilson was determined to bring peace and equality to the world so that all the nations would be peaceful, so that she can do as graven image does. Wilson was a very honourable person and held his truths to be self-evident, he cherished to create a world of peace. He entered the Untied States into the war to do so. Wilson only meant there w to be one world war. During the number 1 Great War America became the global superpower. Under the instruction of chair Woodrow Wilson the ... ...th Century American History. freshly York. The MacMillan Company,1963. sassyman, John, J, and Schmalbach, John M. United States History Preparing for the mod Placement Examination. New York Amsco schoolhouse PUblications, Inc., 2002.Divine , Robert. Ninkovich, Frank. The Wilsonian Century U.S. Foreign policy Since 1900. Chicago The Univerisy of Chicago Press, 1999.Pennock, Michael. Catholic Social Teaching Learning and animate Justice. Notre Dame Ave Maria Press, 2000.Reich, Walter. Eds. Origins of terrorism Psychologies, Ideologies, theologies, States of Mind. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and Cambridge University Press, 1990.Strachan, Hew. The First area War. New York Viking, 2004.Thoumin, Richard, General. The First human War A major New History of the Wreat of 1914-1918. New York G.P. Putnams Sons, 1963. Americas Enterence into WWI was Ideological Essay -- essays research Was Americas Entrance into WWI Ideological or Economic?Our objectis to vindicate the principles of peace and justice in the life of the world as against selfish and autocratic power and to set up amongst the really free and self-governed peoples of the world such a concert of purpose and of action as will henceforth insure the observance of those principles. Neutrality is no longer feasible or desirable where the peace of the world is involved and the freedom of its peoplesWoodrow Wilson said this to congress when he was addressing them to declare war against Germany. He is aware that even though he had fought so hard to keep neutral that the Germans had just pushed too hard. Wilson continues saying that the Untied States has no quarrel with Germany but merely wants to end the war and bring peace to the world. A peace without victory, that was Wilsons goal. He believed that a peace can only be maintained if there is a partnership of democratic nations, that no autocratic government could be trusted to uphold its principles and covenants. Wilson believed that all people deserved to be free and that then and only then could peace be attained. He regretted entering Amer ica into WWI but knows that for the good of the world it had to have been done. Wilson was determined to bring peace and equality to the world so that all the nations would be peaceful, so that she can do as God does. Wilson was a very moral person and held his truths to be self-evident, he wanted to create a world of peace. He entered the Untied States into the war to do so. Wilson only meant there w to be one world war. During the first Great War America became the global superpower. Under the instruction of President Woodrow Wilson the ... ...th Century American History. New York. The MacMillan Company,1963.Newman, John, J, and Schmalbach, John M. United States History Preparing for the Advanced Placement Examination. New York Amsco School PUblications, Inc., 2002.Divine , Robert. Ninkovich, Frank. The Wilsonian Century U.S. Foreign Policy Since 1900. Chicago The Univerisy of Chicago Press, 1999.Pennock, Michael. Catholic Social Teaching Learning and Living Justice. Notre Dame Ave Maria Press, 2000.Reich, Walter. Eds. Origins of Terrorism Psychologies, Ideologies, theologies, States of Mind. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and Cambridge University Press, 1990.Strachan, Hew. The First World War. New York Viking, 2004.Thoumin, Richard, General. The First World War A major New History of the Wreat of 1914-1918. New York G.P. Putnams Sons, 1963.

Othellos Flaw in Shakespeares The Tragedy of Othello Essays -- Paper

Othellos Flaw in Shakespeares The cataclysm of OthelloIn Shakespeare?s play Othello, Othello himself is the tragic hero. He is an individual of risque stature who is destroyed by his surroundings, his own actions, and his fate. His destruction is essentially precipitated by his own actions, as well as by the actions of the characters surrounding him. The cataclysm of Othello is not a fault of a single person, but is earlier the consequence of a wide range of feelings, judgments, misjudgments, and attempts for personal justification revealed by the characters. Othello is first shown as a hero of war and a array personnel of great pride and courage. As the play continues, his character begins to deteriorate and sprain less noble. Through place the play, Othello?s character changes from a flawless military leader, to a murderer. He has certain traits which make him seem naive and frank compared to many other people. Iago knows Othello is a proud man, Othello?s open and trust natu re in the beginning of the play lets Iago, whom is cunning, untrustworthy, selfish, and plotting, use him as a scapegoat. Othello, the Moor, as many call him, is a strong character. He is actually proud and in break of every move throughout the play. The control is not only of cause but also of the sense of his being, who he is, a great warrior. In Act I, Othello has a fight with Brabantio, who has set slightly to kill him, but before anything could happen, Othello said Hold your hands, both of you of my be and the rest. Were it my cue to fight, I should have known it wi molar concentrationt a prompter (I, ii, lines 97-100). The power shown here is quite surprising. The nature of Othellos character is of a dark man. not only because he is black, but also because he... ...hats a fable If that thou best a devil, I cannot kill thee? (V, II, Lines 333-334) He couldnt handle the anguish of clear-sighted he had murdered in jealousy rather for justice. He carried out his sentence, by taking a knife and stabbing himself. He wherefore said I kissed thee ere I killed thee. No way but this, putting to death myself, to die upon a kiss (V, ii, line 413-414). Othello was jealous. He thought his married woman was cheating on him and he thought he was killing for justice. He said that he loved not wisely but similarly well. It was not very smart of him to believe another man about something he should know more about. This is why I think of Othello as a tragic hero in this play. His character was brought to light of a horrible situation by a deceitful devil named Iago.BibliographyShakespeare, William. Othello. Ed. Alfred Harbab. Middlesex, England Penguin, 1970.

Their eyes were watching God :: Zora Neale Hurston

Their Eyes Were Watching God is a story of some dreams and ambitions that were setback due to the slavery eld. nursemaid, Janies grandmother, creation a slave in her youth is an example of this fact. Always wishing for what she couldve had, she tries to stress to Janie the importance of freedom. Although nursemaid dies after the first couple of chapters, it is seen throughout the book that other characters that nullify with Janie, have common cerebrations and emphasize on the sentiment that Nanny ones had. When it comes to live Nanny believed that wealth and apology came before the actual meaning of love, the idea that a strong emotional bond exists between a military man and a woman. As much as Nanny cared for Janie and what she stands for, she wanted Janie to unify a man who can give her a lifetime of luxury and protection. This idea only stands due to the fact that Nanny never had this in her life, being a slavery made her always fight for what she had and looking at out for her well-being as well as her children?s. Consequently Nanny grew to teaching the idea to Janie that marriage should be about power, wealth, and protection notwithstanding if the emotional part of the relationship doesn?t exist. Janie marries Logan Killicks for she believes he offers protection, she then marries Jody Starks for she believes he brings vibrant wealth and power, but not so much do these two bring emotional bond Janie utterly desires and as a result Janie spends the rest of her life trying to experience the emotional post of love. Logan Killicks was Janie?s first husband. He was chosen by Nanny because she thought he offered a black woman everything she would want, a lifetime protection from the outside world. Logan was an older man who knew what was good and what was bad just as Nanny did. He wanted Janie to love him and feel his importance because he offered her a home in which she can feel safe. Nanny being forced to have sex with her master at an early age as a result gave her Leafy. Furthermore Leafy was raped at an early age as well which brought about Janie. From these two facts one can conclude that Nanny feared the idea that Janie can be a repeating cycle of her and her child Leafy, thus giving Janie?

Arrogance in Oedipus and Cocteaus Infernal Machine Essay -- compariso

assurance in Oedipus and Cocteaus devilish Machine The myth of Oedipus dates digest centuries. Overtime a myth changes in many ways as each author or public speaker presents their own form. The main speckle usually remains intact, but authors enlarge their own style to the tragical story. In the case of Sophocles Oedipus the King and dungaree Cocteaus goddamned Machine some(prenominal) authors focus on the haughty character of Oedipus. Since this quality ultimately has pernicious powers, the kins Oedipus has with other characters demonstrates this arrogance. Although, the two authors portray Oedipus in different ways to emphasize their different constitutions both use the relationship amidst Oedipus and Teiresias to demonstrate Oedipus arrogant nature. In both plays, this arrogance manifests in Oedipus rejection of the illusionist Teiresias. However, the two playwrights differ greatly in the relationship between these two characters. Cocteaus Oedipus immediately di srespects Teiresias omen. This rejection of the prophecy and warnings of Teiresias emphasizes his theme of malevolent gods. Equivalently, in Sophocles version of the myth, the denial of Teiresias demonstrates the main theme of the destructive nature of arrogance. Instead of the gods keeping him back, Oedipus own pride does non allow him to believe Teiresias. Oedipus believes that he is preceding(prenominal) everything and everyone. Just as in Cocteau, he even believes that he erect defy the gods and disregard fate. In Sophocles version of the myth, the denial of Teiresias does not pass on right instantly. At first, Oedipus regards the prophet Teiresias in the proper, respectful manner. Oedipus greets him by exclaiming, My lord, in you alone we find a champion, in you alone one that stick out rescu... ...uture. They provide him with numerous hints regarding the be doom that hangs in the atmosphere. However, Oedipus arrogance blinds him to the accuracy of his situation and leads to his ultimate demise. whole kit and caboodle Cited and Consulted Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms, seventh ed. immature York Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1999. Benardete, Seth. Sophocles Oedipus Tyrannus. In Sophocles A Collection of Critical Essays, change by Thomas Woodard. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Cocteau, Jean. (1963). The Infernal Machine in The Infernal Machine and other plays. (A. Bermal, Trans.) New York New Directions Publishing Corporation. Nagle, Brendan D. The Ancient orb A Cultural and sociable History. New Jersey Prentice-Hall, 1979. Sophocles. (1991). Oedipus the King in Sophocles I. (G. David, Trans.) ChicagoUniversity of Chicago Press. Arrogance in Oedipus and Cocteaus Infernal Machine Essay -- comparisoArrogance in Oedipus and Cocteaus Infernal Machine The myth of Oedipus dates back centuries. Overtime a myth changes in many ways as each author or orator presents their own version. The main plot usually remains intact, but authors add their own style to the tragic story. In the case of Sophocles Oedipus the King and Jean Cocteaus Infernal Machine both authors focus on the arrogant nature of Oedipus. Since this quality ultimately has destructive powers, the relationships Oedipus has with other characters demonstrates this arrogance. Although, the two authors portray Oedipus in different ways to emphasize their different themes both use the relationship between Oedipus and Teiresias to demonstrate Oedipus arrogant nature. In both plays, this arrogance manifests in Oedipus rejection of the prophet Teiresias. However, the two playwrights differ greatly in the relationship between these two characters. Cocteaus Oedipus immediately disrespects Teiresias prophecy. This rejection of the prophecy and warnings of Teiresias emphasizes his theme of malevolent gods. Equivalently, in Sophocles version of the myth, the denial of Teiresias demonstrates the main theme of the destructive n ature of arrogance. Instead of the gods holding him back, Oedipus own pride does not allow him to believe Teiresias. Oedipus believes that he is above everything and everyone. Just as in Cocteau, he even believes that he can defy the gods and disregard fate. In Sophocles version of the myth, the denial of Teiresias does not occur right instantly. At first, Oedipus regards the prophet Teiresias in the proper, respectful manner. Oedipus greets him by exclaiming, My lord, in you alone we find a champion, in you alone one that can rescu... ...uture. They provide him with numerous hints regarding the impending doom that hangs in the atmosphere. However, Oedipus arrogance blinds him to the truth of his situation and leads to his ultimate demise. Works Cited and Consulted Abrams, M. H. A Glossary of Literary Terms, 7th ed. New York Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1999. Benardete, Seth. Sophocles Oedipus Tyrannus. In Sophocles A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by Thomas Woodard. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Cocteau, Jean. (1963). The Infernal Machine in The Infernal Machine and other plays. (A. Bermal, Trans.) New York New Directions Publishing Corporation. Nagle, Brendan D. The Ancient World A Cultural and Social History. New Jersey Prentice-Hall, 1979. Sophocles. (1991). Oedipus the King in Sophocles I. (G. David, Trans.) ChicagoUniversity of Chicago Press.